THE TURK IS KUMUK MURAD ADJI

Although different opinions have been put forward about their ethnic origin, it is generally accepted that it is a branch that arose with the mixing of the Oghuz and Kipchak Turks. The oldest source in which the name is mentioned, which is also seen to be written in the forms Kumik, Kumih, Kumuh, Gumik and Gumuh, is Divanü lugāti't-Türk, where it is recorded as a bey's name (Divanü lugāti't-Türk Translation, III, 339). Although some researchers have said that the name Kumuk comes from the town of Kumuk, where the Excavation (Gazi) Kumuks (Leks) are located intensively, this issue has not yet been resolved. Kumuks live in the northeast of the Republic of Dagestan in the high reaches along the coast of the Caspian Sea. It is known that some of them migrated to the territories of Turkey, Chechnya, North Ossetia, Syria and Iran during the Soviet Union. Kumuks live in cities such as Temürhan-Shura, Izberbash, Kaspiysk, Kizilyurt, Hasavyurt and Kizilyar, mainly in Makhachkale in Dagestan; their population is 251,000 (1996), and the population of those outside Dagestan is about 100,000.

The history of Kumuk is intertwined with the history of many ethnic groups located in the Caucasus. Miladi VII. in the XII century, the Kumuks were formed as a result of the fusion of the Oghuz-Kipchak tribes, while the region remained within the borders of the Caspian State. it is said that in the XVIII century, the previous inhabitants of this place, the Kazi Kumuks, squeezed into the mountains and made this land their homeland. After the fall of the Khazars, the first political union established by the Kumuks was under the rule of a feudal principality called “shamkhallik”, and its borders stretched from Derbend in the south to Kabartai in the north. Evliya Celebi used the terms “Kumukistan” and “Dagestan-I Kumuk” for the territory of this principality (Travelogue, II, 305). Shamkhal used to reside in the mountainous region. Upon the death of Shamkhal the Shepherd in 986 (1578), the administrative center was transferred to Temürhan-Shura during the reign of his son Sultan But, who succeeded him. The fact that this principality was located in the northernmost part of Dagestan led to the confrontation of the Kumuks with the Russians, who had the opportunity to move further south after the fall of the Kazan and Astarkhan khanates. The Kumuks, together with other Muslim Caucasian tribes, fought against the Russian attacks and occupation movements that began in 1586 in the XVI-XVIII century. between the centuries, it was supported by the Ottomans and Decimated the XIX century. they constantly resisted until the second half of the XIX century.

The Kumuk Shamkhal, which was the scene of conflicts of interest of Iran, Russia and the Ottoman Empire, constantly lost ground during these struggles, and as a result, the Russians ended the independent rule of the shamkhals (1725). in 1765, the territory dominated by the Kumuks consisted of a very narrow territory located on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Following the failure of Sheikh Shamil's struggle against the Russians as a result (1859), the Kumuks and other Dagestan tribes came under the rule of Tsarist Russia until 1867.

During the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Kumuks actively participated in the independence struggles of the peoples of the North Caucasus, becoming an important element of the North Caucasus Democratic Republic, Tersk Dagestan and the Southeastern Union, and defended the ideal of a Turkified Dagestan against conservative circles that were supporters of the Islamic union. At this time, the Russians, who launched the 1918 invasion operation, seized Dagestan and turned it into an autonomous republic in 1921; Kumukha became one of the seven official languages of this republic. The Soviets exerted great pressure on the Kumyks in particular, expelling many pro-independence Dagestani intellectuals. However, despite their attitude, the Kumuks have managed to maintain their national identity. As a matter of fact, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, the first national organization in Dagestan was established by the Kumuks.

After the collapse of the Soviets, the Communities gathered around a national organization called Tenglik (unity, unity), founded under the leadership of Salav Aliyev to defend cultural, political and economic rights, armed themselves against the Avars who tried to put pressure on them in 1991 and fought in places; conflicts could only be prevented from growing by the efforts of the autonomous government. Later, after both the central government and the autonomous government were disturbed by the Turkic activities of Tenglik, an organization called the Kumuk People's Committee was established in 1994, but the Kumuk people and intellectuals continued to gather around Tenglik and support its activities. Currently, a newsletter is also being issued to announce these activities.

After Shamanism, Christianity and Judaism, the majority of the Kumuks who adopted Islam during the Golden Horde Khanate today are Hanafi, while some of the people living in Derbend and Makhachkala belong to the Imamiyya. according to the census conducted in 1992, the population of Kumuks switched to sedentary farming. They are engaged in cereals, fruit growing and viticulture, which are traditional agricultural areas. The regions in which the Kumuks are located are the most industrialized and agricultural-friendly areas of Dagestan.

Turkish is the second most widely spoken language Dec Avarca in all of Dagestan, despite the small number of Kumuks; the Caucasian tribes, who do not understand each other's language, agree among themselves with Kumuk Turkish. Linguistics experts, usually the Kipchak Kipchak Turkic kumukca-Oguz within the sub-group examined and showed him the phonetic properties due to Ottoman has a place among Turkish and Kazakh; also Azeri Turkic geographical location and thus the close relationship that are close noted. The Kumyks, who had previously used the Arabic alphabet, switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938. in 1848, T. In 1911, Muhammad Efendi Osmanov's Kumuk-Balkar Dictionary, in 1940 in Moscow, Nikolai Konstantinovich Dimitriyev's Grammatica Kumikskogo Yazika, and in 1991, the famous Altayist G. Makarow's Kumuk grammar called Kavkaz Dialekti Tatar Grammar. J. Ramstedt's work on Kumukça was published by Emine Gürsoy Naskali together with its English translation many years ago (Cumucica and Nogaica, Helsinki 1991).

Although his prominent literary works were published in the XVIII century. although it began in the XVIII century, the Kumuks considered themselves the heirs of the Khazars and the Timurid Empire, so this historical IX. and Isaac b. Kündacık al-Hazeri (d. 279/892), Suleiman b. Dawud Sekuni (XII. 10th century), Umm Kemal (XV. such names as (Dec. century) are considered among the first literati. Yirchi Kazakh is known as the founder of modern Kumuk literature (d. 1880). Muhammad Mirza Magarayef, XX. he contributed to the development of Kumuk literature with a printing house he founded in Temürhan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk) at the beginning of the XIX century. in 1913, Mirza Muhammad Mavaraev published a newspaper called Kumuk gazati. He was the son of Nogay Batirmurzayev (d. 1919) his stories are the first works on the contemporary situations of the Kumuks. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Batirmurzayev and his son Zeynelabid founded a literary association with the name Tan Cholpan. The association also published a magazine with the same name (August 1917) in which the Kumuk-Hasavyurt dialect was used to develop national literature. The publication of the newspaper Müsavat in Temürhan-Shura had just been started (June 1917). Temirbulat Baybulatoglu, who made translations from Shakespeare and Schiller, is one of the leading figures of Kumuk literature. One of the poets who grew up after the revolution, Abtulla Muhamatoglu Megomedov, received the title of “people's poet of Dagestan” because he committed socialism in his poems. Another socialist poet is Ulubek Boynaksky. Abdulvahap Suleymanoglu, whose poems were published between Dec930 and 1936, is also one of the poets who grew up in the Soviet era. Today, the Comrade newspaper, which Dec contemporary Kumuk literati together, is published, and a children's magazine called Kargiça is published by the poet Sheyit Hanım Alişeva, the editorial organ of the Dagestan Writers (women) society. There are six books of poems by Ms. Alisheva written in Kumuk Turkish.

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