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N THE HISTORY OF WORLD MARITIME HISTORY OF Ancient TIMES, THE VIKINGS PLAYED A BIG ROLE, AND THE TURKIC PEOPLE SPREAD FROM THE Altays TO THE WORLD

Throughout history, shipping has been influential in the development of civilization, providing humanity with more mobility and fishing capacity for trade, transportation or war than traveling over land. The oldest representation of a sailing ship is found in Kuwait, dating back to 5 BC. it is seen on a painted disc dated to the end of the millennium. [9]

Map showing the migration and expansion of the Austronesians by sea, which began around 3000 BC

The Hōkūle'a is an example of a Polynesian double-Decked voyaging canoe, a modern copy of a catamaran, one of the earliest sailing innovations of the Austronesians allowing the first human expedition across great distances of water

It is assumed that in times before the ancient maritime history, the first boats were digging canoes, which were independently developed by various Stone Age populations and were used for coastal fishing and travel. The indigenous and Pacific Northwest are very skilled at woodworking. They are best known for totem poles up to 80 feet (24 m) long, they also build dugout canoes up to 60 feet (18 m) long for daily use and ceremonial purposes. [citation needed]

The Austronesians were the first people to invent technologies for sailing on the open sea, namely the catamaran , the support ship and the crab claw sail . This allowed them to colonize a large part of the Indo-Pacific region from 3000 to 1500 BC during the Austronesian expansion. [10] 16. a century ago During the Colonial Period, the Austronesians were the most widespread ethnolinguistic group covering half the planet from Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in the east of Easter Island. [11] crab claw sails and tanja sails are lateeen sails that probably influenced the Arab development of Austronesians from Southeast Asia to the western island. [12] junk rigs commonly associated with Chinese ships were also encountered in China and after contact with Austronesian merchants 2. it is believed to be an Austronesian invention adopted by the XIII century. [13] [14]

The ancient Egyptians had knowledge of sailmaking. [Dec5] It is governed by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus , Necho II sent an expedition between the Phoenicians Dec three years, departing from the Red Sea around the mouth of Africa towards the Nile . Although Herodotus himself did not believe that the Phoenicians committed this act, some current historians believe Herodotus at this point.

The Age of Navigation

The Balatik is a large idler sailboat built as a replica of the Visayan paraw. It is a typical Austronesian double idler type ship from the Island of Southeast Asia, used on the oldest maritime trade routes.

By 1000 BC, the Austronesians on the Island of Southeast Asia were already engaged in regular maritime trade with China, South Asia and the Middle East. Introduction of sailing technologies to these regions. They also facilitated the exchange of cultivated crop crops, introduced Pacific coconuts, bananas and sugar cane to the Indian subcontinent, some of which eventually reached Europe by land through Persian and Arab merchants. [16] [17] The Chinese record of 200 AD tells about one of the Austronesian ships, which was called kunlun bo or k'unlun po (崑崙 舶, " Ship of the Kunlun people "). There may also be "kolandiaphonta", known to the Greeks. it has 4-7 masts and is able to navigate against the wind thanks to the use of tanja sails. These vessels stretch approximately to Madagascar. AD 50-500, and Ghana , AD 8. century. [18] [19] [20]

Austronesian proto-historical and historical maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean [21]

One of them is Borobudur ships , 8. yy depictions of Borobudur are probably among the, Sailendra and Srivijaya thalassocracies reliefs of large indigenous Decoy merchant ships. It is illustrated by the tanja sail, characteristic of Southeast Asian Austronesians.

Nydam boat (310-320 AD), one of the precursors of Viking Longships

The Vikings of Northern Europe also developed ocean-going ships and depended heavily on them for travel and population movements before 1000 AD; the earliest known examples were tall ships from the Nydam Boat site, dated to about 190 AD. In the early Modern India and Arabia it was known as lateen -sail ship dhow used in the waters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.

China, 10. in the XIII century, during the Song Dynasty, it began to build ships that went at sea. Chinese naval ship, AD 2. it is based on Austronesian ship designs that have been trading with the Eastern Han dynasty since the XVIII century. [22] [23] China's early trade exports included pepper, safflower, and quality spices. [24] [ page required ] Allegedly 14. in the XIII century they reached gigantic sizes by the Yuan dynasty and were used by the Ming dynasty to send expeditions to the Indian Ocean by Zheng He. [25]

Water was the cheapest and often the only way to transport goods in bulk over long distances. In addition, it was the safest way to transport goods. [26] Long trade routes have created popular trading ports called Entrepôts. [27] there were three popular Entrepôts; Malaka in southwestern Malaya, Hoi An in Vietnam, and Ayuthaya in Thailand. [27] These super-commercial centers were ethnically diverse, since the ports served as the middle point of travel and trade, rather than a destination. [27] Entrepôts helped him to connect the coastal cities to the "hempispheric trade link". [26] The increase in maritime trade initiated a cultural exchange Dec merchants. [24] [page needed ] From 1400 to 1600, the Chinese population doubled from 75 million to 150 million as a result of imported goods, this was known as the "trade age". [27]

The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (circa AD 200-265) invented the south pointing car, a wheeled device using differential gear that allowed a stationary figurine to always show the direction of the south cardinal. The Sailor's Astrolabe was the chief instrument of celestial navigation in the early modern maritime history. This scaled-down version of the instrument used by astronomers served as a navigational aid for measuring the latitude at sea and was used by Portuguese sailors no later than 1481. [28]

The exact date of the discovery of the magnetic needle compass is unclear, but the earliest attestation of the device for navigation was the Dream Pool Experiments by Shen Kuo (1088). [29] Kuo was also the first to document the concept of true north, which distinguishes the magnetic deviation of the compass from the physical North Pole. The first iterations of the compass consisted of a rotating, floating, magnetized stationary needle in a container filled with water until it aligned with the Earth's magnetic poles. [30] Chinese sailors were using the "wet" compass to determine the southern main direction no later than 1117. The first use of a magnetized needle in maritime navigation in Europe was written by Alexander Neckham circa 1190 AD. Around 1300 AD, the rotary needle dry box compass was invented in Europe, its main direction was pointing north, similar to the compass of modern-day sailors. In Europe, then in the 16th. there was also the addition of the compass card, which was adopted by the Chinese through contact with Japanese pirates in the XIII century.

The oldest known map dates back to 12,000 BC and was found in a Spanish cave and discovered by Pilar Utrilla. [31] The first maps had been oriented so that the east was at the top. It is believed that this began in the middle eastern region. [31] Religion played a role in drawing maps. Countries that were predominantly Christian in the Middle Ages placed the east at the top of the maps, in part due to Genesis, "the lord god planted a garden in Heaven to the east". [31] This led to maps with the image of Jesus Christ at the top of the maps and the garden of Eden. [31] The latitude and longitude coordinate tables were made solely for the purpose of praying to Mecca. [31] The next stage of mapping came with the Portolan chart. Portolan was the first map to show the North at the top, and it was drawn in proportion to the size. The landmarks were drawn with great detail. [31]

Ships and vessels

Banten Jong, early 1600s.

In the Middle Ages, various ships were in use. Jong, a kind of large sailing ship from Nusantara, was built using wooden dowels without iron nails and a large number of planks to withstand heavy seas. [32] the chuan (Chinese Junk ship) design was both innovative and adaptable. Scrap ships used matte and slat-style sails, which could be raised and lowered in segments as well as at different angles. [33] the longship was a kind of ship that was developed over a period of centuries and was perfected by the most famous user Vikings circa 9. century. The ships were built of clinker using overlapping wooden rods. The knaar , relative to the longship, was a type of cargo container. It differed from the tall ship in that it was larger and relied only on its square-rigged sail for propulsion. The gear was a design believed to have evolved from (or been most influenced by) the Longship and the 12th. it became widely used by the turn of the century. He also used the clinker method of construction. Caravel was a ship invented in Islamic Iberia and the 13th century. it has been used in the Mediterranean since the XVIII century. [34] Unlike the tall ship and the cog, it used a carvel construction method. It can be either square-rigged ( Caravela Redonda ) or lateen-rigged ( Caravela Latina ). Carrack 15. it was another type of ship invented in the Mediterranean in the XIII century. It was a bigger ship than a caravel. Columbus's ship Santa Maria was a famous example of a carrack.

The Arab age of discovery

The Arab Empire maintained and expanded its extensive trading network in various parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. Political scientist John M. According to Hobson, this is the 8th-13th century of the Arab Empire (including the Rashidun , Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates). Over the centuries, it has helped establish itself as the world's leading comprehensive economic power. [35] The Belitung is the oldest discovered Arab ship that reached the Asian sea, dating back 1,000 years. [36]