HISTORY PROF MURAD ADJI

Billions of people around the world speak Turkic languages today, and they have been doing so since the beginning of history, from snow-covered Yakutia in Northeast Asia to temperate Central Europe, from cold Siberia to scorching India and even more. In many villages in Africa.

The Turkish world is vast and diverse. The Turks are the largest tribe. They are the titular nation of Turkey, a large country in Western Asia, with a diverse identity, ancient traditions and customs, a high and unique culture, the subject of numerous books and a long-known name for the rest of the world. features.

Tofas on the other side of the Turkish world, Tofas with only a few hundred in number, are not someone you can tell much about. It is certain that no one knew them except for the dense Siberian forests and a few villages that they called their hometown. But then, Tofalar, perhaps, still speak the original, ancient Turkic language after many centuries, when they had only occasional contact with external cultures, who could decipher their speech by borrowing.

The Turkish world is really big and at the same time completely mysterious. It is cut like a diamond, is a nation in every aspect - Azeris, Altay, the Balkar, baskurt, the people, the Cossacks, the Caribbean, and karacay, the Kyrgyz, the Crimean Tatars, kumuk, the Volga Tatars, Tuvan, the Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Hakas are cuvas the Shorians, Ruby - I have too much work to be described in the same breath.

Dozens of people live in the Turkish world - all at the same time and differently. You can always tell where they belong from the special sounds and undertones of their speech. This means that a word that has something in one place can become something completely different in another. This diversity of meanings, as well as its simplicity and ancient heritage, makes the Turkic languages bottomless.

Nevertheless, they were not always so different. Not so long ago there were times when all the members of the Turkish race spoke a language that everyone understood in all corners of the Turkic world. About two thousand years ago, geographically and linguistically, for various reasons, they began to move away from each other, from their relatives and common languages, to develop their endemic Polish, which is a closed book to foreigners. For a while, they were acutely aware of their common ancestor and remembered their common language, which they could still speak in the sundays and fairs that attracted merchants from far away.

Their common primitive language provided a framework for beautiful letters. Poets and storytellers knew every word of his writings in order to caress the ear of the Turkish world. In addition, the common language was spoken by government officials who recruited soldiers or collected taxes from their subjects. The great empires spoke and wrote Turkish from end to end.

Is it only its language that makes one Turkish nation different from another? Is it the variety of languages that gives the diamond we call the Turkish world its sparkle?

Everything is sometimes much more complicated than it seems on the surface.

Can you imagine, some communities around the world are unaware of their Turkish origins and will never believe you if you tell them who they are.... They were conquered at one time or another, and they were forbidden to speak their native language at the cost of death. Jul: They forgot it clean for fear of reprisals. And his ancestors with him, and those who came before... Now they were people who had no memory or information about their real past.

Nevertheless, this is the kind of thing that happens to people on our planet.

Of course, the faces of these people are very similar to the faces of their ancestors (then what are genes for?). Take Austrians or Bavarians, Bulgarians or Bosniaks, Hungarians or Lithuanians, Poles or Saxons, Serbs or Ukrainians, Czechs or Croats, Burgundians or Catalans.... Almost all of them have blue eyes and blond hair (an exact copy of the ancient Turkish men and women), and all of them are happily unaware of their common roots. Doesn't that affect you?

Turkish blood flows in the veins of many suspicious Americans, Englishmen, Armenians, Georgians, Spaniards and Italians. And especially Iranians, Russians and French. They also bear the intact faces of their ancient Turkish ancestors, and they are sure that they are also dead...

It's a sad enough story. Nevertheless, it was made this way - it's sad, or rather, it was broken before it was written to the end.

Cossacks are what you can call an exception: a nation - yes and no, a tribe - depends on how you look at it. If you understand, of course. Their true story is hidden somewhere behind a curtain of cock and bull stories. As a result, the Cossacks somehow managed to get lost at the crossroads of Time - they call themselves Slavs and still remember most of the main Turkic languages. Indeed, in some Kazakh villages, Turkish is spoken informally. True, their language is on their cheeks, they say not their native language, but culinary conversations.

I have been thinking for many years about why the Turkish world is so little known to so few people on Earth. Was it by chance or by design? Polish Turkish You will not find another language with such nuances and dialects as Turkish - indeed, people of common blood, common ancestor, who speak different languages of common history and consider themselves different. Why really?

Lost in the mists of time, I stumbled across dec, and I will tell you about it in this book, "Kipchaks: The Ancient History of the Turkish People". There will be only a beginning, followed by two more books - "Oghuz: The History of the Middle Ages of the Turkish People" and "The New History of the Turkish People".

Our planet is populated by many different communities, each of which calls itself a nation. How many are there really? Nobody knows for sure. Some sources put them at four thousand, while others give twice this figure. It is difficult, if not impossible, to count them all. This is due to the fact that we do not actually have a criterion of what the nation is. What is it, in fact, and who is it? Here the points of view are very different.

People are all alike, until they stop thinking more carefully. In fact, they differ in many respects. Even when they look into the eye. African countries have a predominantly black population. China is populated by the so-called yellow-skinned race. And Europe is home to the white race.

All of them - blacks, whites and yellow-skinned - share a single planet.

They differ in temperament, behavior patterns, worldviews and social habits inside and out. In short, all people are very similar in some ways and completely different in others.

Quite often, the term "nation" is used to refer to the inhabitants of a country. For example, Azerbaijanis live in Azerbaijan, Georgians live in Georgia, the Caucasus.

Does this mean that the number of nationalities is equal to the number of countries?

Yes and no. A nation recommends it to people who speak the same language at home or on the street, who like the same songs, dances and festivities, wear similar clothes and eat the same food. They embrace a common religion and are proud of a common history. More important is that they share a commitment to their homeland. This is a criterion that a person or a nation measures. Each of us has a homeland, one and only.

Such a large city as Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is also the hometown of people who do not speak Azerbaijani, call it their native language or accept Islam. Are Russians, Jews or Georgians living in Azerbaijan - Azerbaijanis? They certainly are.

A nation is more than people living in one country. People can live in the same city or even in the same house, but they can follow different traditions and lifestyles.

So, are traditions or customs a force that makes up nations?

Again, the answer is yes and no. A nation is not a group of people living in the same place. A random group, no matter how large, cannot be considered a nation unless they have a common history and common ancestors.

A nation arises in a very long and difficult process that spans centuries. It is a historical development, guided by numerous factors, many of which seem completely out of place. Like a growing fruit, a nation needs a certain time to ripen, no one has managed to formulate it in black and white.

At the very beginning of human history, people learned to watch and size each other. Gradually, they accumulated a decisiveness of knowledge about the way of life and culture of other peoples, their relationships among themselves and with others. Today, this storehouse of knowledge, ethnography (ethnos is Greek for a tribe or people), has turned into a science that analyzes and compares human cultures.

Ethnography was not formed by chance. People noted that not so long ago decadence and quarrels within a country or between neighboring countries were caused by differences. Often differences arise because a community knows little or nothing about the traditions and lifestyles of its neighbors. All people are deeply hurt by anyone who violates their traditions. It would be foolish to expect them to behave differently.

Ethnography is an important science, as it helps to maintain peace on our planet. Getting to know your neighbor can keep you out of trouble. Sometimes a word or a simple gesture is enough for your neighbor to smile and hold out his hand to shake yours.

When you smile at someone else and wish him well on a holiday or any other day, you will both live with a light heart. Indeed, ethnography is a science that helps to look for ways to live peacefully with yourself and the people around you.

Saying hello to an Azeri does not hurt a Georgian, and saying hello to a Georgian does not humiliate an Azeri by saying Gamarjoba. Both will be equally pleased and will forget about their grievances that may be against each other.

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